Until the fourth round, the 26-year-old Chopra was in fourth place. However, in his fifth attempt, he launched his spear to a distance of 85.58m.
He saved the best for the last as his sixth and final attempt measured 89.49m.
The event was won by Anderson Peters of Grenada, the two-time world champion and Paris Olympics bronze medallist, with a massive throw of 90.61m in his second round.
Julian Weber of Germany clinched the third position with a throw of 87.08m.
Chopra, who has been dealing with a persistent groin injury, won a silver medal at the Paris Olympics on August 8 with a throw of 89.45m.
This achievement follows his historic gold medal victory at the Tokyo Olympics three years prior.